Weber State University
   

Communication

Results of Assessment

2005-2006 (submitted 06/26/07)

Report – A&H Breadth Area Assessment Funded Project 2005-2007
Prepared by Becky Johns, Phd  and Hal Crimmel, Phd

The Arts and Humanities Breadth Area Assessment Committee (June Phillips, Gary Godfrey, Angelika Pagel, Scott Jensen, and Richard Greene) have been meeting for the past four years (beginning Spring 2003). In order to move toward actual assessment across A&H departments, a WSU Assessment Research Support Grant was applied for and granted Spring semester, 2005. The following is the report for this Grant.

The original application for this project:

I. PROJECT SUMMARY.

This project seeks to provide support for the assessment of two learning outcomes in the Arts and Humanities Breadth section of Weber State University’s General Education program by completing a faculty-created, sponsored and implemented pre- and post- artifact review, measurement and report, involving a randomly selected number of student artifacts from classes in every Arts and Humanities department during Spring semester, 2006 and continuing through Spring semester, 2007.

PROJECT ABSTRACT:

The goal of this project is to develop and pilot-test a program which will serve to assess Weber State University’s College of Arts and Humanities General Education Breadth area courses as a unit.  This assessment program targets two subjects already identified by Arts and Humanities faculty as learning outcomes which should be evidenced by students who take the minimum number of Arts and Humanities courses to complete their general education requirements at WSU. The areas are: “The understanding of terminology used in humanities and arts or a discipline within humanities and arts,” and “Identifying the broad themes, and issues inherent in the arts and humanities that cut across human history and experience.” This assessment project entails the collection of early-semester student artifacts and late-semester student artifacts from the most popular A&H general education courses, the development of a set of rubrics to judge the amount and/or quality of the learning students demonstrate in the two sets of artifacts, and the creation of a report of these findings to be presented and discussed among and with A&H faculty to determine adequacy of curriculum, pedagogy, assessment techniques, and/or other pertinent issues.

II. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH/PROJECT. 
     
The Problem:

Assessment in a large, diverse, distributive or cafeteria-type general education university program such as Weber State’s is difficult enough. An even more daunting task is to create, implement and report an accurate, useful, faculty-driven, timely but not time-consuming, inexpensive, well-documented, continuous, coherent assessment program which will serve a number of different purposes and audiences for the general education breadth area of Arts and Humanities at WSU. The difficulties arise because of the widely divergent disciplines in the college, the many ineffable but important learning outcomes associated with A&H courses and a liberal arts education, as well as the fact that WSU’s A&H college has the largest number of general education courses, students taught, faculty, as well as the largest number of adjunct faculty in the university teaching in the A&H general education program.

The proposed project in this application is central to Weber State’s general education mission and statement of goals.  Specifically, the general education goals titled, “Basic Knowledge of Core Disciplines,” with the elaborating statement, “Such as demonstrating an understanding and appreciation of the diverse forms of aesthetic and intellectual expression within the arts and humanities,” is where this proposed project and the mission and goals fit most squarely.  It should be noted that this general education goal (as well as others) are large, amorphous, and umbrella-like in that they can apply to such a wide range of topics and skills as to be almost meaningless. The project described below seeks to take this very general statement about general education at WSU and operationalize the idea of general education in Arts and Humanities in such a way that it is concrete, focused, significant and meaningful. It should also be noted that the word “appreciation” used in the WSU General Education Mission Statement and Goals is problematic for Arts and Humanities. Because of the difficulty of defining and assessing a student’s appreciation of such subjects as art, dance, theater, literature, and music, most faculty in these disciplines have moved away from the word “appreciation” to less problematic terms as “demonstrating knowledge and/or understanding of a wide variety of meanings, uses, histories and perspectives” relative to these subjects. The difference is that students are not being assessed regarding their abilities or inclinations to “appreciate” or not but rather, their knowledge, understanding and skill in these subjects which may include an understanding of how one might “appreciate,” how others have “appreciated” in the past, how “appreciation” has changed over time and place, how “appreciation” or non-appreciation can affect politics, relationships, power, and social conditions, and an “appreciation” of how other cultures and individuals “appreciate” these subjects.

The proposed project described below also can be seen as relating to the “Social and Cultural Factors” discussed in WSU’s general mission statement and goals in that the specific A&H breadth goals we are focusing on in this study (A&H terminology and broad themes inherent in Arts and Humanities) are connected directly to “the ability to create principled, intellectually honest decisions using knowledge, respect, and ethical conduct with regard to diverse people, ideas, and cultures.” Without an understanding of the terms used to describe concepts and an understanding of the broad themes inherent in Arts and Humanities, the creation of “principled, intellectually honest decisions using knowledge, respect, and ethical conduct with regard to diverse people, ideas and cultures” would not be possible.

Significance of the Problem:

Richard H. Hersh laments in his Atlantic Monthly article of November, 2005, that “Robust measurements don’t exist in college assessment,” and that “Cumulative learning is rarely measured.” (pp.140-3). As standard instruments to measure the kinds of outcomes found in A&H learning outcomes are not available, faculty members must step up and produce useful and accurate measurements and demonstrate their effectiveness to the general public. Jerry D. Gaff and other participants of the Project on Strong Foundations For General Education, Association of American Colleges and Universities, argue in their book, Strong Foundations: Twelve Principles for Effective General Education Programs (1994), that, “The old” paradigm of general education as breadth only, involving a sampling of academic departments, generally introduction courses with very little faculty or administrative oversight, is failing.  It has become for students a “check-off list” and “something to get through as quickly as possible” so that they can get on with their “real” education.  Sadly, general education courses are often disliked by faculty and considered only a necessary “service” for the university so that they might be able to teach more interesting courses in their major field of interest.

Gaff and other experts warn about serious public concern over general education and the “accountability” inclination of legislators and accrediting institutions. Parents, faculty, university employees, community members, employers, and students have also entered into this climate of concern as evidenced in last year’s WSU survey and broad public conversation regarding what a WSU graduate should know and be.

As one looks at the survey results, such outcomes as communication competence, ability to think critically, numerical and writing literacy, and information technology competence all appear to be relatively easy to assess. At least, traditional methods of assessment are pertinent with these outcomes. Other outcomes mentioned in the survey results such as, “Think as a human and behave humanely,” “Be a lifelong learner,” “Demonstrate a commitment to education, community and others,” “Value diversity,” “Be able to adapt to a changing, global, 21st century world,” “Be ethical, service-oriented and contribute to society,” are certainly not as straight forward in how they might be assessed and yet, are just as important as those we can assess easily.

Our challenge is to develop evolving, accurate, and continuing systems of assessment which will be able to identify and measure these “ineffables” and demonstrate to all of our publics that we, as an institution, are “adding value” to the lives of our students and helping to produce “educated persons.”

Expected Outcomes:

  1. Help to establish a vision for general education at WSU by reviewing and/or revising the A&H gen ed breadth mission statement and general education student learning outcomes.

  2. Experiment with an assessment plan which will measure two of the ineffables mentioned above and provide a report capable of dissemination based on sound principles of knowledge acquisition, performance and assessment. Specifically, this project involves designing and applying learning rubrics in regard to A&H terminology and inherent broad themes in Humanities to actual student-generated artifacts across the Arts & Humanities disciplines of Visual Art, Communication, English, Foreign Languages and Literature, Dance, Music, and Theater that will capture student performance and aggregate this data into a report which spans all of these disciplines as a A&H general education program.

  3. Product such a report by August 15, 2006 and be prepared to continue to evolve and refine a process whereby A&H gen ed learning outcomes can be accurately and usefully assessed.

  4. As to the sustainability of this project and how it might transform gen ed at WSU, we anticipate one or more of the following as a result of this project:

    1. If analysis of student artifacts suggests that students are gaining adequate knowledge regarding terminology and common broad themes in Humanities, no change in the present gen ed program for A&H will be discussed or undertaken.

    2. If analysis of artifacts does demonstrate some knowledge or understanding gained in these two areas but knowledge is superficial or inadequate, a greater effort to coordinate A&H breadth courses with the A&H student learning outcomes and WSU's General Education Mission Statement and Goals may be indicated. This could be accomplished through training and consultation with faculty or other efforts at building commonality such as "common threads" of topics, speakers, books or other ways to produce such.

    3. If analysis of artifacts does not demonstrate adequate knowledge or understanding in these two areas, a restructuring of the A&H general education breadth area in regard to the distribution of courses may be indicated, including a possible re-clustering of courses or a more restrictive number of courses which would allow for more commonality in the breadth area. It is possible that a discussion about the worth of the distribution method of gen ed at WSU may be undertaken and eventually such system fully or partially exchanged for a program of core A&H breadth courses.

III.  PROCEDURES AND METHODS. 

A committee of A&H faculty and Dean June Phillips have been meeting and working on assessment since 2001.  So far this group has created and conducted a pilot survey designed to measure student and faculty understanding of Arts and Humanities as a field of inquiry in the spring of 2005 in a number of departments across campus. The results of this survey are attached in the appendix to this document. They have formulated a new A&H gen ed mission statement and general set of outcomes. A draft of this document is attached in the appendix to this form. We are now in the process of circulating the mission statement and outcomes to faculty in all A&H departments and expect to report back to the Gen Ed Ad Hoc Assessment committee regarding this effort on Feb. 27, 2006. (A final draft of this document was submitted to WSU’s Assessment committee, further refinement took place there and was sent to the Faculty Senate In January, 2007 where it passed with no opposition.)

This committee has also formulated a pre and post artifact assessment plan utilizing two outcomes that were formerly on the A&H gen ed outcomes list. These two outcomes are:  (Area 1): “The understanding of terminology used in humanities and arts or a discipline within humanities and arts,” and (Area 2): “Identifying the broad themes, and issues inherent in the arts and humanities that cut across human history and experience.”

Artifacts embedded in A&H gen ed courses, either in test questions or writing or other artifactual evidence, have been identified by committee members and a selection of such have been gathered in the Dean’s office during the first five weeks of Spring semester, 2006. It is necessary now to have the committee identify the rubrics by which these artifacts will be assessed as well as how the post artifacts (coming in at the end of the semester from the same students and courses) will be assessed. Once the rubrics have been identified and inter-rater reliability among the assessors realized, both sets of artifacts will be rated against a standard of achievement as well as a “progress achieved across the semester” judgment made.

At this point it will be possible to compose a report regarding this assessment project and the ability of our students this semester to understand A&H terminology and identify broad themes in A&H. (Such was accomplished both Summer semester, 2006 and Fall semester, 2006. Copies of these reports are attached).

IV. EVALUATION AND DISSEMINATION.

The report generated by the A&H gen ed assessment committee was forwarded to the Associate Provost and disseminated at the back-to-school A&H meeting in the Fall of 2006 for discussion among faculty and possible action regarding curriculum change, faculty development and/or training, revision of the A&H learning outcomes, revision of the assessment methodology and conclusions, and/or other possible actions.

ARTS & HUMANITIES GENERAL EDUCATION BREADTH MISSION STATEMENT
(revised and approved March, 2006)

Becoming a well-educated person requires growing, evolving, enriching and refining oneself as a human being and contributing to a better world. Becoming well-educated involves learning to interact with the world around us as well as preparing for a career.

A General Education in Creative Arts and Humanities motivates us to:

- be curious about ourselves and others
- value learning
- listen respectfully to the stories of others and recognize the value of differing interpretations
- recognize multiple pathways to knowledge and their interconnectedness
- reflect, analyze and think critically about complex issues
- act from a basis of knowledge to effect needed change

The Weber State University Creative Arts and Humanities General Education requirements help all students discover their uniqueness and individuality while also recognizing the common bonds that unite people everywhere.

Humanities and Creative Arts General Education
Student Learning Outcomes
(passed WSU Assessment Committee, October 2006 and Faculty Senate, January 2007)

Students satisfying the humanities and creative arts general education requirement will gain skills, abilities, and/or increase understanding in three areas.

Area 1: Students will improve or develop at least two of the following skills:

A.        oral, written, or graphic communication
B.        reasoning at an abstract level
C.        approaching issues from multiple perspectives
D.        using library, online databases, and other research sources
E.        critical thinking, cognitive learning, and problem solving (both individually and in groups)

Area 2: Students will demonstrate knowledge and understanding of at least two of the following content areas:

F.         key themes and principles in a particular discipline in the arts or humanities
G.        key terminology and/or vocabulary in a particular discipline in the arts or humanities
H.        the history, underlying theory(ies), and applicable ethical standards in a particular discipline in the arts or humanities
I.          the methodologies used in a particular discipline in the arts or humanities or methodologies common in multiple arts
            and humanities disciplines

Area 3: Students will demonstrate their ability to do at least two of the following:

J.         identify broad themes and issues in the arts or humanities
K.        recognize and evaluate diverse philosophical, artistic, and literary traditions, and the cultures that produce them, as
            well as their biases and influences that shape judgments and actions
L.         gain proficiencies in a second language and its cultures
M.        demonstrate an understanding of how the arts and humanities disciplines express and solve problems
N.        integrate knowledge and forge relationships within arts and humanities
O.        integrate knowledge and forge relationships with other disciplines

The following report was circulated at the A&H Back-to-School college meeting in August, 2007

Assessment of A&H General Education Breadth Program Report

  • As many of you know, Northwest Accreditation has mandated a more systematic assessment of the A&H general education breadth area.
     

  • A&H is the most diverse WSU college, with the most number of gen ed courses as well as the most widely divergent general education courses in the university. A committee of A&H faculty has been struggling with this challenge for three years now (members presently include: myself, Dr. Gary Godfrey, Dr. Hal Crimmel, Dr. Angelika Pagel, Dr. Scott Jensen, Dr. Richard Greene and Dr. Becky Johns.) This committee, with input from many of you, has revamped the A&H gen ed breadth mission statement and student learning outcomes. (handouts passed out)
     

  • Last year the committee was able to obtain a small assessment grant to conduct a pilot study. The committee met this summer and looked at both student artifacts and student test questions/answers. A preliminary report on their findings will be available soon. This pilot project will be expanded this fall semester.
     

  • Department chairs have been asked to identify faculty teaching general education courses to participate in this pilot program. These volunteers will be asked to do one of two options: either select artifacts of student assignments or papers, or choose a pre- and post test format. The faculty member will identify the A&H gen ed breadth learning outcome (see handout) which the assignment or test question is designed to assess. These items will be forwarded to the A&H Assessment committee for review and report production. No student or faculty names will be associated with the final report.
     

  • As we continue this pilot project, we are testing and refining the assessment plan or process itself. Your ideas and participation are welcome and highly encouraged.
     

  • The artifacts collected as a result of this pilot project will be used to determine the ability or inability of our students to meet some of the A&H gen ed breadth learning outcomes. This project is an opportunity to demonstrate our willingness to meet the assessment mandate with meaningful data and to show our various publics the “added value” of Arts and Humanities general education courses.

Department volunteers will be contacted shortly by the committee for further instructions.  Thank you for your cooperation.

Summer 2006 Assessment Results

Using data from Theatre Arts, Communication and English, the A&H Assessment committee met three times during the summer of 2006 to create rubrics, compare assessment data, and analyze results.

The data collected in the Spring of 2006 consisted of a survey of 56 Communication 2110 students (attached in Appendix A) as to their knowledge and understanding of Humanities, two sets of test questions from Theatre Arts 1023 Introduction to Film addressing two of the A&H student learning outcomes (before fall revision), and thirty-five English end-of-the-semester papers from two different courses, one lower and one upper division.

During the first meeting of the Summer 2006 meetings, A&H Assessment  committee members discussed study rationale, purposes and outcomes; created rubrics of student written data  and selected the type of data to be included in the pilot study.

In the second meeting, the committee studied all three sets of data; revised the rubrics instrument; discussed issues of inter-rater coder reliability in the application of the instrument to the English papers, and determined to look at embedded test questions from the Intro to Film course for the next phase of assessment.

During the third meeting, members studied the embedded questions from the Intro to Film class and agreed that “competency” for our purposes in determining if the student learning outcomes were met by the evidence of the test scores would be at the level of 80%. In other words, if 80% of the total number of students enrolled in the course were able to answer the embedded question correctly, then the student learning outcome had been achieved. This led to a great deal of discussion regarding the skill of the test creator in capturing the student learning outcomes, at what point in the semester was the student expected to be competent in the student learning outcomes, and how would we know if the student had come into the course already knowing (or not) what the embedded question asked; thus not really providing to us a sense of what the student learned in the course. These are not new assessment questions, but we grappled with these issues nonetheless.

The ultimate outcome of meeting number three was a decision to revise and enlarge our pilot study and design it for a “value added” approach. The following is the plan as proposed by the committee and implemented during Fall semester 2006.

A&H Assessment Project
(Distributed to A&H faculty at Back-to-School meeting, August, 2007
)

General Education Assessment Next Steps / Conclusions

(Based on Summer 2006 Pilot Project)

Department chairs will need to identify 5-7 instructors per semester, who will participate in general education assessment.

At the Dean’s Retreat the A&H Gen Ed committee will meet with these individuals to explain the pilot program and their role in it.

Instructors will need to collect either written artifacts that demonstrate several of the A&H Student Learning Outcomes, or use a pre/post-test model that utilizes an identical set of questions (determined by each instructor). Instructors using this model will want to choose several questions to address chosen categories from the learning outcomes document.

Goal of the pre/post test model is to show value-added; we’ll need to involve Steve Kerr to help us develop statistically meaningful data.

Aggregate data, instead of individual tests, should be our focus at this stage.

Instructors will need to provide a brief description of the assignment used for assessment, and explain how & where the assignment meets specific general education criteria.

Assessment forms will have only two performance categories: Satisfactory, and Not Satisfactory.

We may conclude that all artifacts are “Satisfactory,” which may indicate success; it also might lead us to conclude we need to raise the performance bar, and/or redefine the standards used in assessment.

Assessment teams will need to develop a system to assure inter-reader reliability of assessment artifacts, perhaps using the “anchor paper” model.

Progress Report to this date:

  1. All departments have participated in the revised pilot project and artifacts have been collected.  Assessment has not taken place yet of these artifacts as the Dean asked us to wait until the middle of February when she would be available to meet with the committee.
     

  2. The Arts & Humanities General Education Mission Statement has been revised and approved.
     

  3. The Arts & Humanities General Education student learning outcomes have been substantially revised, approved and disseminated to all A&H faculty.
     

  4. Rubrics for assessing student learning in A&H have been created which appear to be acceptable and useful across diverse departments and disciplines.
     

  5. A new emphasis on assessment in the college has re-vitalized an interest in general education courses generally and brought the college together to consider the A&H general education courses as a program rather than as separate individual courses in separate individual departments.
     

  6. It has become obvious to committee and dean that A&H general education instructors (many of which are adjuncts) have not been acquainted with, trained in, nor monitored regarding A&H general education student learning outcomes and goals. This lapse in attention and coordination has resulted in a lack of commonality in A&H general education courses in purposes and outcomes. This, in turn, has made assessment difficult.  A number of quick fixes were suggested by the committee including: (1) Communicating to A&H faculty (especially new and adjunct faculty), the mission, goals and student learning outcomes set by the college; (2) Requiring every A&H general education course syllabus reflect a certain number of A&H student learning outcomes, (3) Monitoring compliance with #2 by requiring each instructor to send a copy of his/her syllabus to the dean’s office.
     

  7. A more long-term solution to our A&H general education assessment challenges includes:  (a) who will monitor the communication to A&H faculty about these expectations and what consequences for non-compliance will follow?  (b)  How will a continuing program of assessment in general education in A&H be encouraged and sustained?  What rewards (compensation, promotion and tenure credit) will be created and implemented? Where will funds for such come from?  (c)  Once the committee has tangible, reliable and valid assessment data from student artifacts, what happens next?  Will individual courses or instructors be identified for training, mentoring or elimination? (d) How will the results of this assessment data be returned to individual departments and instructors in ways which will enable improvement in student learning? In other words, how do we close the feedback loop?
     

  8. The A&H general education assessment committee has concluded that assessment of a cafeteria-style general education program, involving a great many courses in the college and university, spread out over a wide variety of disciplines (dance to composition to public speaking, to name a few), and the often ineffable nature of A&H student learning outcomes, makes our task an especially difficult one. However, the time and attention given to this topic so far has yielded profitable discussion, necessary self-reflection and inquiry, and progress in coordinating the A&H general education depth area program at WSU. There is much to do but we have also made substantial progress. It appears our biggest challenge may be how to sustain our efforts, especially in light of our dean’s soon departure and competing tasks and interests of assessment committee members.

Prepared by:  Becky Johns
Appendix of one data set attached

Hal Crimmel’s addition to report:
We collected artifacts and assessed them as a committee. We concluded that 1) this process needs to be institutionalized (e.g., required) if it is to have any chance of success just at the level of collecting artifacts. 2) There needs to be money and/or release time to compensate faculty who serve on the assessment committee, since it is so time consuming. 3) It's hard to assess the arts & humanities but we feel the artifact system stands a chance of succeeding, if the admin pieces are put into place.

Appendix A

Survey: Humanities General Education Spring Semester 06 Comm HU1020,
HU 2110 Johns
56 usable responses in two courses

Area 1.  This course furthered my ability . . .

A.        To communicate more clearly in writing, orally or graphically

Strongly agree = 21
Agree = 30
Disagree = 0
Strongly Disagree = 0
No Opinion = 5

Comments:

"I saw my faults in personal communication such as interrupting, talking too much, not listening well and sometimes dominating the conversations, plus not reading between the lines."

"I learned to communicate well with my group members."

"Got feedback on papers."

"Helped me communicate well with others."

"Interaction with my group and have seen fault in how I communicated with my spouse."

"Group interactions improved my communication skills."

"I see my faults in how I communicate with my kids."

"Interaction with my group.  Also learning the communication skills of men and women and how they differ." 

"I was able to interact better with my group."

"I improved a great deal in my speech anxiety."

"Learned how to use outlines in public speaking." 

"Speeches helped me to speak better."

B.        . . . to use logic and improve your reasoning skills

Strongly agree = 7
Agree = 30
Disagree = 0
Strongly Disagree = 0
No Opinion = 19

"You learn to use logic and not just emotions to understand and develop skills and concepts of effective communication."

"Recognized what type of communication that is needed to be used at different times."

"Looked at particular theories."

"We looked at certain situations and then looked at how we could solve them." 

"Applied theories and reasoning skills when communicating."

"Theorizing on particular situations improved my reasoning skills."

"How I communicate my reasons of feeling to my children." 

"Reasoning in the differences the way women communicate as opposed to men."

C.        . . . use information technology

Strongly agree = 21
Agree = 30
Disagree = 0
Strongly Disagree = 0
No Opinion = 5

"Used film (DVD/VHS) in class and was able to check my grade online."

"Learned to look up our grades on the internet."

"Used databases in library for researching speeches."

"Used the internet to research different topics."

"The course allowed for use and ability in information technology by using the computer to research different topics."

 D.        . . . to use the library and other research sources

Strongly agree = 10
Agree = 13
Disagree = 10
Strongly Disagree = 0
No Opinion = 23

"I can do personal research as well as use the internet to understand these concepts more. The coursework pretty much gave all the information I needed. Good book."

"Didn't use library, used the internet."

"Research sources were used in studying small group communication."

E.        . . . to think more critically and/or to solve problems through analysis

Strongly agree = 28
Agree = 25
Disagree = 0
Strongly Disagree = 0
No Opinion = 3

"I can solve communication problems better, empathize, understand relationships and more especially work in groups better (like my group project)."

"We had to plan out our service project."

"Analyze situations."

"We had to plan a project and do it and then we had to present it in class."

"Had to plan a project, coordinated with group members and execute project."

"Planning and executing of group projects furthered my ability to analyze and solve problems."

"I try to think before I speak."

"We were required to put forth a group effort to complete a group community project."

"Working with our group to do the class service project."

"To plan and execute our group project."

Area 2: In this course I gained a better understanding of . . .

F.        . . . the foundations or themes of humanities

Strongly agree = 35
Agree = 13
Disagree = 0
Strongly Disagree = 0
No Opinion = 8

"Effective communication and relationships will improve your work and personal life."

"If communicating as a human being is humanities, then yes."

"If communication is a theme and being able to communicate with others is a foundation, yes."

"Communication is a basic theme of humanities and learning the course material built on this theme."

"I use some of the foundation of communication to better communicate in my everyday life."

"We dealt with communication with humans which is the most important aspect of humanities."

"We learned about communicating better then it helps to make us better human beings."

G.        . . . the terms used to discuss humanities

Strongly agree = 25
Agree = 23
Disagree = 0
Strongly Disagree = 0
No Opinion = 6

"Ethnocentricism, groupthink, perception, false dichotomies, and more."

"Yes, they are all parts of communication like transactional, synergy, culture, gender perception."

"Vocabulary terms like confirmation bias, empowerment, groupthink."

"We talked about listening and communication terms and interculturalism as well as empowerment."

"Communication terms: interculturalism power (empowerment), transactional process, synergy, culture and gender, groupthink, etc."

"The terms of power, interculturalism, synergy all apply to the discipline and helped to gain a better understanding of the discipline."

"There were many terms used and many I found myself on the negative side which I am trying to change."

"We learned about perception, synergy, small groups and cultures."

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